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Class X Science
How do Organisms Reproduce
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
   Spore formation → eg. Bacteria, fungi
   Budding → eg. Fungi (yeast)
   Fragmentation → eg. Algae, fungi
   Vegetative propagation
(a)   Natural method
   By roots → eg. Sweet potato
   By stems → eg. Ginger, potato
   By leaves → eg. Bryophyllum
(b)   Artificial method
   Cutting → eg. Rose
   Layering → eg. Strawberry, lemon
   Grafting → eg. Mango, rose.
   Micropropagation → eg. Orchids, dahlia
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
   Flower is the reproductive organ.
   It has four whorls – Calyx, Corolla, Androecium, Gynoecuim.
   Calyx and corolla are accessory parts.
   Androecium - Male reproductive organ producing pollen grains.
   Gynoecium - Female reproductive organ having ovule (egg).
   Pollination – Transfer of pollens from anther to stigma for fertilization.
   Fertilization – Fusion of male and female gametes.
   Double fertilization (Triple fusion and syngamy) – unique events in the embryo sac of ovules.
Asexual Reproduction in Animals
   Fission
(a) Binary fission → eg. Amoeba
(b) Multiple fission → eg. Plasmodium
   Budding → eg. Hydra
   Regeneration → eg. PlanariaHydra
Sexual Reproduction (Human)
   Human being is heterosexual.
   Reproductive system includes:
(a) Primary sex organs: Testes (males) and ovaries (females)
(b) Secondary sex organs: Genital ducts and glands (males) and fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina (females)
   Male sex hormone is testosterone and female sex hormones are progesterone and estrogen.
   Puberty is attained at the age of 13 – 14 years in males and 10 – 12 years in females.
   The zygote formed after fertilization develops into embryo which gets implanted in uterus.
   Placenta (a disc-like special tissue) develops between uterine wall and embryo for nourishment of the embryo.
   Gestation period in humans is 280 days.
Reproductive Health
   Birth control prevents unwanted pregnancies.
(a) Barrier methods
(b) Chemical methods
(c) Intrauterine contraceptive device
(d) Surgical method
   Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are caused by bacteria, protozoa and viruses.
   AIDS is an incurable viral disease.

NCERT Solution for How do Organisms Reproduce
NCERT IN-TEXT QUESTIONS SOLVED
Q1.   What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction?
Ans. DNA copying is an important phenomenon of reproduction through which the organisms pass on their characteristics to their offspring. It maintains the characteristics in different generations of the species. It also produces variations which are useful for the survival of species for long time.
Q2.   Why is variation beneficial to the species but not necessary for the individual?
Ans. Accumulation of variations after several generations results in new set of traits required for survival.
         As they show results after many generations so they are not important for individual.
Q3.   How does binary fission differ from multiple fission?
Ans. Binauy Fission: An organism is divided into two individuals. Mitotic division takes place resulting in two identical individuals or daughter cells. e.g., Amoeba.
         Multiple Fission: Mitotic division takes place. The nucleus a ii diumrepeatedly to form a number of equal sized and similar individuals, e.g.,
Q4.   How will an organism be benefited if it reproduces through spores?
Ans. During adverse circumstances spore remain coated are means po tideve over layer. This helps an organism survive adverse conditions. Spores are means to tide over bad phases.
Q5.   Can you think of reasons why more complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals through regeneration?
Ans. More complex organisms cannot give rise to new individuals because:
         1. Their body design is highly complicated.
         2. There are specific organs to do specific functions.
         3. There is a labour division in the body of complex organisms.
         4. Exception is lizard, which can regenerate its tail.
Q6.   Why is vegetative propagation practised for vowing same types of plants?
Ans. The process by which some plant can reproduce asexually It has their vegetative pars like roots, stems and leaves is called vegetative propagation.
         Plants raised by this method can befit flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.
         Plants that have lost capability to produce seeds like banana, organge, rose and jasmine can be propagated. All plants produced are genetically similar to the parent plant.
Q7.   Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?
Ans. DNA copying is needed because information stored in DNA is used to e make protein. Synthesis of different proteins will lead to altered body design. Thus, reproduction at its most basic level involves making copies of the blueprints of body design.
Q8.   How is the process of pollination different from fertilization?
Ans. Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a stamen to the stigma of a carpel. These are transferred by agents such as insects, birds, wind or water.
         Fertilization is defined as the fusion of a mele gamete (sperm) with a female gamete (ovary) to form a zygote by sexual reproduction.
Q9.   What is the role of seminal vesicles and prostate gland?
Ans. Seminal vesicles are a pair of thin-walled muscular and elongated sacs which secrete a fluid for nourishment of sperms.
         Prostate glands also produce a fluid which is released in the urethra along with secretion of seminal vesicle. It affects the vaginal pH so that sperms move smoothly inside the vagina.
Q10.   What are the changes seen in girls at the time of puberty?
Ans. At the time of puberty, breast size begins to increase, with darkening of the skin of the nipples. Also, girls begin to menstruate at around this time.
Q11.   How does the embryo get nourishment from its mother�s body?
Ans. The embryo grows inside the mother�s womb and gets nourishment from its mother�s blood through placenta. Placenta contains villi which connects the embryo with the mother�s blood. These villi provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from mother to the embryo.
Q12.   If a woman is using copper-T, will it help in protecting her front sexually Transmitted diseases?
Ans. No, it will not protect the woman from sexually transmitted diseases as fluid to fluid contact occurs in the vagina.
QUESTIONS FROM NCERT TEXTBOOK
Q1.   Asexilal reprodnction takes place through budding in
         (a) amoeba         (b) yeast.         (c) plasnrodium.         (d) leishrnaniia.
Ans. (b) yeast
Q2.   Which of the following is not a part of the temule reproductive system in human begins?
         (a) Ovary         (b) Uterus         (c) Vas deferens         (d) Fallopian tube
Ans. (c) Vas deferens
Q3.   The anther cantains
         (a) sepals         (b) ovules         (c) carpel         (d) pollen grains
Ans. (d) pollen grains
Q4.   What are the advantage of sexual reproduction acre asexual reproduction?
Ans. In asexual reproduction, the offspring is almost identical to the parent because they have the same gene as their parent. Thus, variation is not present.
         Sexual reproduction involves fusion of male and female gametes. The offspring exhibits diversity of characters because they receive some genes from the mother and some from the father. The mixing of genes in different combinations, results in genetic variations. This variation leads to the continuous evolution of various species to produce various organisms.
Q5.   What are the functions performed by testis in human beings?
Ans. The function of testis is to produce sperms and male sex hormone called testosterone.
Q6.   Why data menstruation occur?
Ans. Menstruation occurs in females when the egg produced inside the cervix is not fertilized. Since the egg does not fuse with the male gamete, so the thick and soft lining of uterus having a lot of blood capillaries in it are not required. This unfertilized egg dies within a day and the lining breaks down shedding blood along with other tissues. This comes out of the vagina in the form of bleeding.
Q7.   Draw a labelled diagram of the longihaltnal section of a flower.
Q8.   What are the different methods of contraception?
Ans. Contraception is the method to avoid pregnancy. Various methods of contraception are as follows:
         Physical Barrier Methods: Use of condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps can be used. These prevent the entry of sperms into the female genital tract by acting as a barrier between them.
         Chemical Methods: Oral pills can be used which change the hormonal balance and stop release of egg. Vaginal pills kill the sperms.
         Surgical Methods: This includes vasectomy (sperm duct is removed) in males and tubectomy (removal of small portion of fallopian tube) in females.
Q9.   How are modes of reproduction different in unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Ans. Unicellular organisms have only one cell. There is no separate tissue for reproduction. So, they can reproduce by the process of fission or budding. Multicellular organisms contain various cells and have separate system for reproduction. So, they can reproduce by both sexual and asexual methods.
Q10.   How does reproduction help in providing stability to the population of species?
Ans. Stability is provided by equalizing the birth and death ratio. Thus, the rate of birth should approximately be equal to the rate of death.
Q11.   What could be the reasons for adopting contraceptive methods?
Ans. The reasons for adopting contraceptive methods could be:
         1. Protection from sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV-AIDS, gonorrhoea, syphilis, warts etc.
         2. Restricting the number of children.
         3. Sufficient gap between successive births.
         4. Enjoying a good reproductive health.
         5. Controlling population.

HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.   The two oviducts in a human female unite into an elastic bag like is known as
         a. Vagina
         b. Uterus
         c. Fallopian tube
         d. Cervix
2.   Which of the following disease is transmitted sexually?
         a. Kala azar
         b. Jaundice
         c. Cholera
         d. Syphilis
3.   Which of the following is a contraceptive?
         a. Copper t
         b. Condom
         c. Diaphragm
         d. All of these
4.   When a animal is cut into pieces and each piece grows into a complex organism. What is the process?
         a. Budding
         b. Fragmentation
         c. Spore formation
         d. Regeneration
5.   Which is the portion on which grafting is done it provides the roots?
         a. Stock
         b. Scion
         c. Both a and b
         d. None of these
6.   Where does fertilization occur in human females?
         a. Uterus
         b. Cervix
         c. Oviduct
         d. None of these
7.   Growing foetus derive nutrition from mother�s blood through
         a. Uterus
         b. Fallopian tube
         c. placenta
         d. cervix
8.   What is the puberty age in human males?
         a. 8-10
         b. 10-12
         c. 12-14
         d. 14-16
9.   Fruits are formed from
         a. Stamen
         b. Stigma
         c. Ovary
         d. Ovule
10.   IUCD is for
           a. Vegetative propagation
           b. Contraception
           c. Increasing fertility
           d. Avoiding miscarriage
Answers
1.   B
2.   D
3.   D
4.   D
5.   A
6.   D
7.   C
8.   C
9.   C
10. B

HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
1.   Name two plants that are grown by vegetative propagation. (CBSE 2016)
2.   What is reproduction? Explain two advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction (CBSE 2016)
3.   What is reproduction? Mention the importance of DNA copying in reproduction. (CBSE 2008)
4.   List any two differences between pollination and fertilization. (CBSE2008)
5.   Name two sexually transmitted disease caused due to infection and viral infection. How it can these be prevented? (AI 2008)
6.   Explain the terms:
       a. Implantation
       b. Placenta
       c. What is the average duration of human pregnancy? (CBSE 2009)
7.   Why is DNA copying is an essential part of the process reproduction? (AI 2009)
8.   List any four methods of contraception used by humans. How does their use have a direct effect on the health and prosperity of a family? (CBSE 2015)
9.   Define the terms pollination and fertilization. Draw a diagram of a pistil showing pollen tube growth into the ovule and label them:
       OR
       Describe in brief the role of (i)testis (ii) seminal vesicle, (iii) vas deferens, (iv)ureter and (v) prostate gland in human male reproductive system (CBSE 2012)
10.   (a) Draw a diagram of the longitudinal section of a flower and label on it sepal, petal, ovary and stigma.
         (b)Write the names of male and female reproductive parts of a flower.
         OR
         (a)What is fragmentation in organisms? Name a multicellular organism which reproduces by this method.
         (b)What is regeneration in organism? Describe regeneration in Planaria with the help of a suitable diagram. (CBSE 2011)

HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?
HOTS
1.   What are different methods of reproduction?
2.   Name two plants that are bisexual.
3.   What is pollination/.
4.   When does DNA copying occur?
5.   How does the embryo get nourishment?
6.   What is STD? Name two STDs.
7.   Explain process of sexual reproduction in plants.
8.   With the help of diagrams explain process of budding in Hydra.
9.   Name the one unisexual plant.
10.   Name on organism that grows by multiple fission.

HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE?

TEST
Time taken: 40minutes
Maximum marks: 25 ma
1.   Name two nucleic acids? (1)
2.   What happens during copying of DNA? (1)
3.   Why does organism reproduce? (1)
4.   What is binary and multiple fission? Name the organism in which they occur. (3)
5.   How do potato and Bryophyllum plants reproduce vegetatively? (2)
6.   Devise an experiment to show germination of gram seed. (3)
7.   Draw well labeled diagram of a bisexual flower. (3)
8.   What is self and cross pollination? (2)
9.   State the functions of
       a. Testis
       b. Ovaries
       c. Vas deferens
       d. Stamen
       e. Pistil (5)
10.   What are the different methods of contraception in males and female human beings? (4)


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